{"id":208,"date":"2021-02-08T05:53:04","date_gmt":"2021-02-08T05:53:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/?page_id=208"},"modified":"2023-12-06T22:05:28","modified_gmt":"2023-12-06T22:05:28","slug":"stem-cells-101","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/stem-cells-101\/","title":{"rendered":"Stem Cells 101"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"208\" class=\"elementor elementor-208\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3914148 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3914148\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7901e19\" data-id=\"7901e19\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c24b592 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c24b592\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/donate\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Donate Today<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-596bd30\" data-id=\"596bd30\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c9ce46 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"3c9ce46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Revised-STEM-CELL-DOC-2023.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download Document<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d494e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d494e3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1158c48\" data-id=\"1158c48\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82a8641 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"82a8641\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are Stem Cells?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-887df5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"887df5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stem Cells Defined:<\/p><ul><li>A stem cell is a cell with the unique ability to develop into specialized cell types in the body.<\/li><li>Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and to recreate functional tissues.<\/li><li>Stem cells can be used to replace cells and tissues that have been damaged or lost to disease.<\/li><li>All stem cells are defined by two properties:\u200b<ul><li>They can make copies of themselves. \u200b<\/li><li>They can become two or more other cell types.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4547f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e4547f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"403\" src=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/stem-cell-defination.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-220\" alt=\"Stem Cell Defination\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/stem-cell-defination.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/stem-cell-defination-300x202.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-64f1afb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"64f1afb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f561c3a\" data-id=\"f561c3a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e29cd6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e29cd6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Types of Stem Cells<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2915e07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2915e07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>There are <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">many different types<\/span> of stem cells (e.g., bone marrow stem cells, embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, umbilical cord stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, etc.)<br \/>\u200b<\/li><li>What differentiates one stem cell type from another is how many cell types they can become.<br \/>\u200b<\/li><li>Based on this feature, we can categorize all stem cell types as either <strong>multipotent<\/strong> or <strong>pluripotent<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71d4c10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71d4c10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-db09f2d\" data-id=\"db09f2d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70cfa1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70cfa1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Multipotent Stem Cells<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ebe850 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ebe850\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Mulitpotent stem cells\u00a0(MSCs)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li>Can self-renew and become at least two different cell types<\/li><li>Cannot become all cell types in the body<\/li><li>Senescent (will eventually die)<\/li><li>Multipotent = &#8220;many powers&#8221;<\/li><li>Cannot become dopaminergic neurons (the cells missing in Parkinson&#8217;s disease)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd2157c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd2157c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li><strong>Tissue specific stem cells.<\/strong><\/li>\n \t<ul><li>Limited abilities to become other cell types\u200b\n<\/li>\n \t<li>Exist in some but not\u00a0all\u00a0of our organs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5f5203 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b5f5203\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa68f58\" data-id=\"fa68f58\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d757fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8d757fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"189\" height=\"186\" src=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Hematopoietic-SCs-circle.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-613\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5aaa842\" data-id=\"5aaa842\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-568bec4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"568bec4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hematopoietic stem cells<\/strong> (Tissue speicific stem cells)<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>Umbilical cord stem cells &#8211; a type of hematopoietic stem cells<\/li><li>Found in bone marrow<\/li><li>Can generate cell types for the specific tissue or organ in which they live.<\/li><li>Can make all types of blood cells &#8211; only.<\/li><li>Can not make cells of the brain.\u200b<\/li><li>More prevalent in fetal tissue than adult tissue.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3463841 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3463841\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-14996a1\" data-id=\"14996a1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cfcaa7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1cfcaa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"272\" height=\"279\" src=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Mesenchymal-SCs-circle.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-614\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66c154d\" data-id=\"66c154d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e555053 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e555053\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Mesenchymal stem cells<\/strong>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Originate in connective tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs.<\/li>\n \t<li>Can be isolated from many tissues including<\/li>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Bone \u200bmarrow,<\/li>\n \t<li>Fat (adipose tissue)<\/li>\n \t<li>Umbilical cords<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n \t<li>Have narrow differentiation abilities<\/li>\n \t<li>Capable of making three cells types: Bone, cartilage, and fat cells.<\/li>\n \t<li>Some &#8211; but not all &#8211; may transiently reduce tissue inflammation.<\/li>\n \t<li>MSCs have been tested in many clinical trials but, so far, have not resulted in: no significant results in diverse diseases such as: stroke and heart disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-40c514e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"40c514e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bccf19d\" data-id=\"bccf19d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a614f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7a614f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"239\" height=\"222\" src=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Adipose-SCs-cirlce.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-612\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ab9f5b\" data-id=\"1ab9f5b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4104e11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4104e11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mesenchymal stem cells<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Derived from body fat<\/li><li>Often used in unregulated clinics claiming to treat a large range of diseases<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e025507 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e025507\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0abc66\" data-id=\"a0abc66\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f322316 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f322316\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"223\" height=\"219\" src=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Neural-SC-circle.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-615\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d550e1\" data-id=\"5d550e1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e71cbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e71cbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Neural Stem Cells<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Cells from some parts of the brain<\/li><li>Limited ability to replace some nerve cells &amp; supportive cells<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-694f1ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"694f1ab\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3ae9fac\" data-id=\"3ae9fac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-295f9cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"295f9cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7395c4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7395c4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0605a0b\" data-id=\"0605a0b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-467eb86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"467eb86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pluripotent Stem Cells<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1a5e9a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1a5e9a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb584d1\" data-id=\"bb584d1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63ab4d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63ab4d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pluripotent Stem Cells :<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Ability to self-renew and become all cell types in the body.<\/li><li>Pluripotent = &#8220;Very many powers&#8221;.<\/li><li>Immortal (Never die).<\/li><li>Do not exist in the body. Only briefly present in very early embryos.<\/li><li>Can be generated in the lab.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f82e84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f82e84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b00783e\" data-id=\"b00783e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a9eecf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9a9eecf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"146\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Human-Embryonic-SC-circle.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-622\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e280e8f\" data-id=\"e280e8f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1c6107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1c6107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Human Embryonic Stem Cells<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Pluripotent stem cells that can become any cell in the body.<\/li><li>Generated from 5 day old embryos that are produced in a culture dish by combining an egg &amp; sperm.<\/li><li>Discarded because they are unnecessary or unsuitable for transferring to uterus for pregnancy. (&#8220;In vitro fertilization&#8221;)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eb68034 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eb68034\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-40e83a6\" data-id=\"40e83a6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9504e07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9504e07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"283\" height=\"283\" src=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/2020-09-29-6.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-621\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/2020-09-29-6.png 283w, https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/2020-09-29-6-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 283px) 100vw, 283px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5411c70\" data-id=\"5411c70\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6cbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb6cbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Parthenogenetic stem cells<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Type of pluripotent stem cell<\/li><li>Created by calcium activation of oocytes.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-575abc4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"575abc4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51537a8\" data-id=\"51537a8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27e88e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"27e88e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"660\" height=\"815\" src=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/iPSC-colony.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-623\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/iPSC-colony.png 660w, https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/iPSC-colony-243x300.png 243w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc7817\" data-id=\"cbc7817\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44060b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"44060b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)\u200b<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Generated in lab from adult somatic (body) cells using a method called &#8220;reprogramming&#8221;<ul><li>Generally, skin cells<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Type of pluripotent stem cell<\/li><li>Behaves exactly the same as embryonic stem cells.<\/li><li>Can become any cell in the body.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6c8821d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6c8821d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0235fe0\" data-id=\"0235fe0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdf51fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bdf51fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stem Cells & Their Characteristics<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddd8b25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ddd8b25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/static.wixstatic.com\/media\/a5f46f_712b995369e44d9486f0835a7212bdd4~mv2.png\/v1\/fill\/w_806,h_676,al_c,q_90,usm_2.00_1.00_0.00\/FINAL%20SCtypes%26characteristics.webp\" alt=\"FINAL SCtypes&amp;characteristics.png\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e88f7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e88f7e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d19cce\" data-id=\"5d19cce\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d356cbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d356cbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8968a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8968a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>iPSCs are a type of pluripotent stem cells that is particularly amenable to therapeutic uses.<\/li><li>One of the most important features of iPSCs is that they can be made from any living person so they can be immune-matched (or DNA-matched) to any patient which will obviate the need for immune suppression when used in cell therapy. Immune matched cells are referred to as \u201cautologous,\u201d while unmatched cells are \u201callogeneic.\u201d<\/li><li>Additionally, since iPSCs can be made from any person, they can be used to model any disease.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9b0db1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c9b0db1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How are iPSCs made?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ac6338 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ac6338\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Typically, skin cells (fibroblasts) or blood cells from adults are converted into iPSCs through a process referred to as \u201creprogramming.\u201d<\/li><li>The reprogramming process is typically mediated by viruses or mRNAs that force the cell to produce proteins involved in pluripotency.<\/li><li>Dr. Shinya Yamanaka received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2012 for developing this process.<\/li><\/ul><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/static.wixstatic.com\/media\/b400a3_96fd7b4183dd4aa4a4b368c26dba6be2~mv2.jpeg\/v1\/fill\/w_724,h_312,al_c,lg_1,q_80,usm_2.00_1.00_0.00\/Slide6.webp\" alt=\"Slide6.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e029d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e029d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How do stem cells \"become\" other cell types?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d056e89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d056e89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #7d9c21;\">The process of &#8220;differentiation&#8221;<\/span><\/h2><ul><li>Differentiation is the process by which cells change from relatively generalized cells to specialized kinds of cells during embryonic development.<\/li><li>In the laboratory this can be accomplished by exposing stem cells to cues (e.g. hormones, growth factors, chemicals, substrates, small molecules, etc.) that recapitulate the stimuli they would normally be exposed to in the developing embryo. With time in the culture dish, stem cells exposed to the proper differentiation cues will eventually mature into the desired cell type and function in a way similar to its comparable cell type that developed normally in the body.<\/li><li>\u200bSome cell types are hard to make, some are easy. With time and effort, the combination of factors required to make any cell type can be discovered.<\/li><\/ul><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/static.wixstatic.com\/media\/b400a3_b0eae828dd6d41b2bea52b7755c99a56~mv2.jpeg\/v1\/fill\/w_697,h_296,al_c,q_80,usm_2.00_1.00_0.00\/Slide5.webp\" alt=\"Slide5.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3393e87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3393e87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The promise of regenerative medicine<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fe6f6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5fe6f6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #7d9c21;\">Treating Parkinson&#8217;s disease and beyond&#8230;..<\/span><\/h2><ul><li>Many diseases are caused by a cell type that ceases to function or does not function properly (classic examples: dopamine neurons in Parkinson\u2019s disease, islet cells in diabetes, retinal pigment epithelial cells in macular degeneration, etc)<\/li><li>Pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into any cell type in the body<\/li><li>Using pluripotent stem cells we can make more of any missing or defective cell type in the laboratory and transplant it into the patient<\/li><li>If we use patient-specific iPSCs, then we do not need immune suppression which carries a number of its own problems <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/static.wixstatic.com\/media\/b400a3_5c26526e9fb84a9a8f92b9f959939bef~mv2.jpeg\/v1\/fill\/w_453,h_391,al_c,q_80,usm_2.00_1.00_0.00\/Slide7.webp\" alt=\"Slide7.jpeg\" \/><\/li><li>The figure (right) illustrates the promise of regenerative medicine in treating Parkinson\u2019s disease using an autologous dopamine neuron replacement strategy.<\/li><li>Skin fibroblasts are isolated from the patient and then the cells are reprogrammed to make iPSCs.<\/li><li>\u200bThe iPSCs are differentiated into dopamine neurons.<\/li><li>\u200bThese DNA-matched dopamine neurons are then transplanted back into the patient where they will produce more dopamine and ostensibly relieve Parkinson\u2019s symptoms.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea6a84e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea6a84e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #7d9c21;\">Stem <span style=\"color: #7c962f;\">cells<\/span> in the clinic<\/span><\/h2><ul><li>There are many notable stem cell-based, FDA-approved clinical trials and therapies that exist or have taken place in the US. The most important is the bone marrow transplant which uses hematopoietic stem cells (a multipotent stem cell) to repopulate the blood in patients with cancer, blood disorders or immune diseases. This therapy was started in the 1950s and currently is the only FDA-approved stem cell-based therapy.<\/li><li>The first clinical trial involving pluripotent stem cells began in 2008 and sought to treat spinal cord injury. The trial was initially sponsored by a company called Geron which used an hESC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell, a cell type that supports the motor neurons injured in spinal cord injury.<\/li><li>More recently, several clinical trials using stem cells for the treatment of eye diseases including macular degeneration, Stargardt\u2019s Macular Dystrophy and Retinitis Pigmentosa, have taken place. Many of these studies have used a stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cell progenitor which is a cell type that supports the rod and cone cells necessary for vision. Of note, many of the patients in these trials have shown significant increases in visual acuity in the transplanted eye suggesting that this may be a novel breakthrough treatment for these eye diseases. In August of 2020, a clinical trial for Macular Degeneration using autologous iPSC-based therapy began recruiting patients.<\/li><li>A stem cell-based clinical trial using to treat Type 1 Diabetes was initiated by Viacyte in 2014. This trial uses a unique encapsulation system to protect the hESC-derived pancreatic precursor cells from immune attack.<\/li><li>We are eagerly awaiting Aspen Neuroscience\u2019s autologous iPSC-derived dopamine neuron replacement clinical trial!<\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"color: #7c962f;\">FDA-approved stem cell-based therapies and clinical trials in the US<\/span><\/h2><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/static.wixstatic.com\/media\/b400a3_c3e952cf54e14acbbcbde1f4d60425d3~mv2.jpeg\/v1\/fill\/w_847,h_526,al_c,lg_1,q_85,usm_2.00_1.00_0.00\/Slide9.webp\" alt=\"Slide9.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c62c5b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c62c5b1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9180361\" data-id=\"9180361\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e92e797 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e92e797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stem cells: today and tomorrow<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7dd329 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7dd329\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #849e36;\">Are there other uses for stem cells?<\/span><\/h2><ul><li>We\u2019ve already discussed how stem cells can be used for cell therapy but stem cells have many other uses, some of which will be important for Parkinson\u2019s and other neurological diseases.<\/li><li>Disease Modeling \u2013 Stem cells, and in particular iPSCs, made from someone with a particular disease show hallmarks of that disease when the cells are differentiated into the cell type affected by the disease. For example, it is well-established that people with Parkinson\u2019s disease show an abnormal accumulation of \u03b1-synuclein in their brain. iPSCs derived from Parkinson\u2019s patients that are differentiated to dopaminergic neurons also produce abnormally large amounts of \u03b1-synuclein. What this means is that stem cells can be used as an infinite source of diseased cells that accurately reproduce the disease in a dish. From there, these cells can be used to screen for drugs that correct problems associated with that particular disease. Currently, iPSCs and hESCs are widely used in drug screening to find treatments for Parkinson\u2019s and other neurological diseases.<\/li><li>Cytotoxicity testing \u2013 Once a new drug has been developed, researchers must determine whether it has unwanted cytotoxic side effects. Of particular concern are neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Finding appropriate cell types to use for cytotoxicity testing that resemble normal neurons, cardiomyocytes and liver cells is difficult. Since one of the defining features of pluripotent stem cells is that they can be differentiated into any cell type in the body, hPSCs represent an unlimited source of cells that can generate normal neurons, cardiomyocytes, and liver cells that can then be used for cytotoxicity testing.<\/li><li>Saving endangered species \u2013 Species are becoming extinct at an alarming rate. Many different strategies have been employed to save them with varying effectiveness. Pluripotent stem cells can become any cell type in the body including eggs and sperm. A new approach to saving endangered species is making iPSCs from these animals and then differentiating them into eggs and sperm. From there, in vitro fertilization can be used to generate new embryos from that endangered species which can be implanted in the uterus of a similarly sized species. Ultimately, this approach may be used to create new individuals of a particular endangered species. This idea was first envisioned by Dr. Jeanne Loring and is currently being developed with the Northern White Rhino at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park.<\/li><li>Cell-based Meat \u2013 Traditional approaches to meat production involve growing animals for a long period of time, feeding them, taking up lots of land, only to eventually slaughter them and send them to market. This negatively impacts our environment and many people are concerned that it promotes animal suffering. An alternative to traditional meat production is cell-based meat where meat is produced by culturing animal cells in the laboratory. Many companies are currently developing cell-based beef, chicken, pork and fish. Some of these companies are starting with iPSCs from cow, pigs, chicken or fish and then differentiating those cells into the cells that are present in a meat fillet including muscle, fat and connective tissue. From there, the cells can be molded or bio-printed into fillets. While not yet commercially available, these companies may be major meat suppliers in the future.<\/li><li>People continue to come up with new ways to use stem cells. The future uses of stem cells may surprise us all!<\/li><\/ul><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/static.wixstatic.com\/media\/b400a3_bdf2176cd0cc4d43ab74414c16ce77b4~mv2.jpeg\/v1\/fill\/w_710,h_531,al_c,q_85,usm_2.00_1.00_0.00\/Slide11.webp\" alt=\"Slide11.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-521cc98 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"521cc98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-lg\" href=\"https:\/\/www.summitforstemcell.org\/donate\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Please Donate<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95d76c9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"95d76c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f9a253 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0f9a253\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #7e9633;\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2016\/03\/160329113350.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2016\/03\/160329113350.html<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npjparkd201517\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/npjparkd201517<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.journalofparkinsonsdisease.com\/are-stem-cell-therapies-parkinson%E2%80%99s-disease-ready-clinical-trials\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.journalofparkinsonsdisease.com\/are-stem-cell-therapies-parkinson%E2%80%99s-disease-ready-clinical-trials<\/a>\u00a0 Note: The 5 questions are based on the GForce-PD questions.<\/li><li>Bratt-Leal, Andr\u00e9s M., and Jeanne F. Loring. &#8220;Stem Cells for Parkinson\u2019s Disease.&#8221; Translational Neuroscience. Springer US, 2016. 187-201.<\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nrneurol\/journal\/v11\/n9\/full\/nrneurol.2015.123.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nrneurol\/journal\/v11\/n9\/full\/nrneurol.2015.123.html<\/a><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"color: #7e9633;\"><strong>Additional Resources:<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li>Stem Cell &amp; Regenerative Medicine Glossary<\/li><\/ul><p>\u200b<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Donate Today Download Document What are Stem Cells? 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